In the early days of the Pixel lineup, Google relied on Qualcomm Snapdragon processors to power its devices. However, to provide a unique user experience driven by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), Google decided to design its own custom silicon. This ambition led to the birth of the Google Tensor chip generation.
The Origin of the Google-Samsung Partnership
While Google had the vision for its own chip, it lacked the fabrication facilities (foundries) and the foundational hardware infrastructure to manufacture them independently. This led to a strategic partnership with Samsung, one of the world's leading semiconductor manufacturers. The early Tensor chips (from G1 to G4) were heavily based on the architecture of Samsung’s own Exynos processors.
To put it simply, these weren't chips built by Google entirely from scratch; they were a hybrid creation integrated with Samsung's technology. While the foundational blocks came from Samsung, Google custom-designed the TPU (Tensor Processing Unit). This TPU is the powerhouse behind the iconic camera features, Live Translation, and the lightning-fast Google Assistant seen in Pixel phones.
The Evolution of Tensor: G1 to G4
The first Tensor G1 debuted in 2021 with the Pixel 6 series. Subsequently, the G2 and G3 iterations focused on improving power efficiency and processing speeds. The current Tensor G4, found in the Pixel 9 series, is manufactured using Samsung Foundry’s 4nm (Nanometer) process. In chip manufacturing, a lower "nanometer" value allows for more transistors to be packed into a smaller space, increasing speed while reducing heat generation.
Why is Google Switching to TSMC?
Despite the successful partnership with Samsung, technical reports indicate that Google is making a massive move. Starting with the Tensor G5 (destined for the Pixel 10) through to the G9, production will shift to TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company).
The primary reason for this migration is TSMC's industry-leading fabrication process. Currently, TSMC manufactures the world's most advanced chips, including Apple’s A-series and Qualcomm’s flagship Snapdragon processors. TSMC chips are renowned for their superior stability and lower power consumption. By moving to TSMC, Google hopes to finally eliminate the overheating issues that have occasionally affected previous Pixel models.
A Massive Challenge for Samsung
Google’s decision is a significant blow to Samsung. Previously, giants like Nvidia utilized Samsung’s foundries, but most have now transitioned to TSMC. Google was one of the last major "big-ticket" customers for Samsung Foundry’s high-end nodes.
While companies like Nintendo still use Samsung’s older 8nm technology for the upcoming Switch 2 (due to its cost-effectiveness and reliability), flagship smartphone brands require the absolute cutting edge to compete with Apple. Google’s departure highlights the pressure on Samsung to close the performance gap with TSMC.
Pixel 10 and Tensor G5: Future Expectations
The Pixel 10, expected to launch late this year, is rumored to feature the 3nm Tensor G5 chip. Key highlights include:
Manufacturing: Production handled entirely by TSMC in Taiwan.
GPU: Potential integration of advanced graphics technology from Imagination Technologies.
Modem: While it may use the MediaTek T900, there is still a possibility of an updated Exynos modem.
Efficiency: The 3nm process is expected to significantly boost battery life and raw performance.
Samsung’s Counterattack: 2nm GAA Technology
Samsung is not backing down. They are preparing to introduce their ultra-modern 2nm GAA (Gate-All-Around) technology. This is a more advanced manufacturing process than the current standards, designed to make future processors even faster and more efficient. Samsung hopes that if their 2nm node (potentially for the Exynos 2600 in the Galaxy S26) succeeds, they can win back the major customers they lost to TSMC.
Summary and Your Thoughts
Google’s shift to TSMC marks a turning point in the smartphone world. Pixel users can likely look forward to a cooler, faster, and more efficient experience. But can Samsung innovate fast enough to break TSMC’s dominance?
What do you think about Google's move? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below!